Elan Ganz

Post-quantum cryptography, Layer 1 encryption, MACsec, quantum key distribution, and photonic layer security each address a different part of the harvest now, decrypt later problem. This comparison shows what a fiber tap still records under each one. The best protection against harvest now, decrypt later (HNDL) on wide area network (WAN) fiber pairs post-quantum cryptography … Read more

A layered program built on hygiene, protective controls, detection and response, and validation still holds up against faster, AI-assisted attackers. None of the four observes a passive tap on a WAN fiber link, so that path needs a separate control. This guide explains what layered network security consists of, how AI has changed the threat, … Read more

Organizations should prepare for a quantum computer that breaks encryption without warning by running a post-quantum migration and limiting what can be recorded on long-lived data links at the same time. This guide covers the published qubit estimates, the US deadlines, what a cryptographic inventory delivers, and how Ciena, Nokia and CyberRidge approach the problem. … Read more

Post-quantum cryptography migration takes several years under both the US and UK timelines, and nothing in the migration protects traffic that is copied while it runs. Interim protection has to come from optical-layer encryption or physical-layer approaches. This guide covers the published timelines, the order of work, and how three optical-layer options compare. How long … Read more

A hybrid quantum-safe strategy combines post-quantum cryptography, symmetric key infrastructure and quantum key distribution, but all three manage keys. A complete strategy also needs protection for the traffic a fiber tap can copy. This guide explains what each part of a hybrid strategy does, where each one stops, and how a physical-layer approach fits beside … Read more

Short answer: yes, a fiber optic cable can be tapped during repair or maintenance work — and that window is a larger exposure than most threat models account for. Here’s the full technical picture, including who actually controls access and what does (and doesn’t) close the gap. Most fiber-security writing treats interception as a break-in … Read more

Encryption keeps AI data unreadable in transit. It does not keep it from being recorded. Here is how each available control handles the long WAN spans between remote GPU campuses. Traffic between NeoCloud GPU sites is typically encrypted, but the optical signal can still be tapped and stored for later decryption. Transport encryption, post-quantum cryptography, … Read more

A fiber optic link can be tapped without being cut, without triggering an alarm, and without degrading the connection in any way a standard monitoring dashboard would notice. That’s not a hypothetical — it’s a documented capability using ordinary, commercially available telecom hardware. The harder question, and the one most comparisons of encryption, post-quantum cryptography, … Read more

CNSA 2.0 compliance for government and defense contractors runs on four dates, not one: January 1, 2027 for new National Security System acquisitions, 2030 for software, firmware, and networking equipment, 2031 for Department of War systems in active use, and 2033 for the remaining categories. Most coverage of this topic leads with 2033. This guide … Read more

Unrecordable optical transmission works by reshaping the light itself at Layer 1, so an attacker who taps the fiber captures noise rather than a usable copy of the traffic, and it is rolled out one link at a time as an overlay on existing optical infrastructure rather than a network-wide redesign. The sections below break … Read more